Studying abroad is not always an easy decision. This usually means leaving your comfort zone and your familiar country behind and starting anew at a different one. This decision will bring many changes and growth for you in an academic as well as in a personal sense. To help you understand and navigate the new academic aspects in an easier manner, we have gathered here some information about the university system in Germany, which we hope you find useful for a smoother transition into it.

Degrees

A first crucial aspect to consider, is the structure of the program you are interested in. Usually, a Bachelor's degree in Germany consists of 180 credits spread out over 3 years which includes a thesis work. Once completed, a student can apply for a Master's degree to further continue their education. A Master's degree in Germany usually consists of 120 credits that are meant to be taken in 2 years. If you are considering applying to the Phase I program directly with the BMS, it is relevant to know that you will also be enrolled at one of the three universities in Berlin: FU, HU or TU. This allows you to complete the Phase I program while also completing a Master's degree at the respective university. If you choose to do this, some of the credits of the courses you will be taking will count both towards your Phase I and your master's credit requisites. In this case, you have to keep in mind both the study regulations of the BMS and of the university you are enrolled at. Note that the regulations of each of the universities may vary, so be sure to be informed of the appropriate ones. In addition to the credit requisites, completing a Master's degree at the university, will require you to complete a Master's thesis. This consists of a written work which you must complete under the guidance of your chosen supervisor. For this, you need to talk to a professor you are interested in working with and be sure to discuss with them possible topics for your thesis. Once the degree is completed, a student can choose to further continue their studies by pursuing a doctorate (also known as a PhD). In most countries, this is the highest academic title you can reach with which, in the future, you can apply to become a professor. However, in Germany, if a person has the desire of obtaining a position as a professor, then they need to complete their Habilitation. This can be completed sometime after finishing the doctorate, and this is the highest title you can obtain which then enables you to pursue a professorship. In order to understand the meaning of this higher degree, we have included here a guide to the German titles.

Titles

In Germany, unlike some other countries, more emphasis is put onto a person's title. The following are some of the titles a person can obtain:

⁃ MSc.: Title obtained after completing a Master of Science
⁃ Dr.: Title obtained after completing a doctoral degree
⁃ Dr. habil.: Title obtained after completing a doctoral degree and a habilitation
⁃ Prof.: Standard title for full professors at German universities

The Habilitation attests to the person's individual and independent research and teaching abilities in a certain area. To successfully complete it, you must present and approve both written and oral tasks that conform to the university's regulations. These may come in the form of a habilitation's thesis and/or cumulative work in the area, in addition to presenting a talk in the form of a colloquium or an otherwise public research talk. Only then can a person be hired by a university as a professor. Some take junior professorship (W1) first which is usually limited to 3 or 6 years after which the person's work is evaluated by a committee. Then the professorship might become a full professorship (W2 or W3). Full professorships are always permanent positions. There are very few of them and therefore, in Germany, this is a hard-earned title that comes with extra work but also merits respect, since this constitutes a higher level of commitment to teaching and not everyone is allowed to teach.

During the process of completing a Master's degree or pursuing your PhD, you will be communicating with professors on a regular basis. Thus, it is important to understand how to do it properly and exactly how the titles come into play. In order to address a professor, it is good to keep in mind that their full title is (in most cases) Prof. Dr. .
Thus, the usual and most formal way to write an email in Germany to a professor is by starting with a greeting such as

"Dear Prof. Dr. Last name".

In this way you can normally address a professor whom you don’t know. However, using only the highest title (in this case Prof.) is also widely accepted. If you have had enough contact with a professor in Germany for some time, such as your supervisor, it is also an option to ask them directly how you can address them in emails or if they have a preferred way. There are some cases, in which some professors find it an unnecessary formality for their students to address them with the greeting "Prof. Dr." every time and would maybe prefer a different and more casual greeting.

Courses

Once you become part of a German university, you will start taking courses where the structure may differ from the one you were used to before. In German universities, most courses or seminars are designed in 2 lecture hour blocks. However, each lecture hour consists of only 45 minutes. Thus, if a lecture is said to be from 10-12, then it means that a total of 1 hour and 30 minutes within that time frame will be used for teaching, unless otherwise stated. There is a way to indicate if a course will start at exactly the hour mentioned, or more usually, 15 minutes later. This is done via the following expressions that come from Latin:

s.t.: “sine tempore” which means “without time”. This means lectures start sharp: 10 am s.t. = 10:00 am.

c.t.: “cum tempore” which means “with time”, and it is also referred to as the “Akademisches Viertel” or the academic quarter-hour. This means lectures start 15 minutes late: 10 am c.t. = 10:15 am. This is the most usual time for lectures and tutorials.

There are various formats of courses you can take: If the format of the course is stated as 4+2 it means that it consists of 4 hours of lecture plus 2 hours of a tutorial and similar with 2+2 formatted courses which have 2 hours of lecture and 2 hours tutorial. If the course is a seminar, then most likely, it will consist of a 2-lecture hour block.

The courses themselves have certain requirements in general which may also differ from the ones you are used to. For instance, the total grade of your course will come from an exam that is to be presented at the end of the semester and it is normal (for courses of the format 4+2 or 2+2) to have weekly exercise sessions and sheets. For starters, to present the exam, your professor can set some requisites. These might come in the form of participation in the lecture or in the exercise session of the course (when applicable), presenting a certain number of exercises from the exercise sheet in class, or handing out a weekly homework and approving at least 50% of the exercises. Remember that any such condition for presentation of the exam will be informed to you by your professors, and if something is not clear, it is best to speak directly to them. Once you have fulfilled the criteria to present the exam, and you have registered for it, then you will have to present either a written or an oral exam. The decision will depend on your professor and may depend on the number of students taking the course (if there are few students it is considered easier to evaluate them via an oral exam, otherwise a written format will be considered). During an oral exam, you will set a date with your professor and a second evaluator to present it. During the exam you will have access to either a board or some paper in which you can write your answers in the presence of the examiners. For a written exam, you and your fellow students will usually sit together in a room and have a set amount of time to hand in your work. It is always advisable to prepare well in advance for an exam of the specific format you are presenting, since having enough preparation is always a key aspect of performing well in them.

Independence and self-management

German universities allow and expect a great amount of independence from their students, which in turn, requires them to have good self-management skills with respect to their time and studies. Since you are often not evaluated throughout the semester, it is important not to wait until the exam to ask questions about specific topics of the course you had questions about, or about previous topics discussed in it. It is always a good idea to regularly assess your understanding of the subject in question and participate in the lecture and exercise sessions. You can always decide if you prefer to study alone or with fellow students, in which case regular attendance will provide you with great opportunities to talk to other students and interchange views or ideas. PhD supervision If you decide to apply to the BMS directly to the Phase II, it means you want to start with your doctorate right away at one of the three universities in Berlin. The process of finding a PhD supervisor can be different for everyone. It is usual to continue working with a supervisor who you have worked with on your master's thesis if you also completed this degree in Germany. Keep in mind that your supervisor is a person who you will see and whom you will talk to very regularly, so be sure to not take this decision lightly. Your supervisor should, as closely as possible, match your mathematical interests and as far as possible, your personal ones, too. Each professor has a different way of working and guiding you towards completing your program, so be sure to discuss with them how exactly their supervision process will work and what your expectations are on the short- and long-term work. Please find more information on this here: https://www.math-berlin.de/students/phase-ii-supervision